Time compression of audio signals

ABSTRACT

The invention pertains to a technique for time-compressing audio signals without disturbing the relative position of the audio samples through the use of a time buffer store and a subsequent FM recording of the time-compressed audio signal in a format similar to video signals and the subsequent demodulation of the FM signals and time expansion of the signals to produce the original audio signals. The use of FM modulation and demodulation of a type similar to that used with video information for recording and transmitting time-compressed audio information permits common processing of audio and video information and the utilization of standard video transmission and video tape and video disc recorders to accommodate audio as well as video information.

United States Patent 11 1 Newell Jan. 29, 1974 TIME COMPRESSION OF AUDIO SIGNALS Primary Examiner-I-larvey E. Springborn 75 Inventor: George F. Newell, Pittsburgh, Pa. may, Agen" [73] Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, [57] ABSTRACT Pttsburgh' The invention pertains to a technique for time- [22] Filed: Apr. 7, 1972 compressing audio signals without disturbing the relative position of the audio samples through the use of a [21] Appl 4 time buffer store and a subsequent FM recording of the time-compressed audio signal in a format similar 52 us. c1 l78/6.6, 178/5.6 to video Signals and the subsequent demodulation of 51 1m. 01. H0411 5/76 the FM signals and time expansion of the signals to [58] Field ofSearch..... l78/5.6, 5.8, 5.4 CD, 6.6 A, preduee the Original audio signels- The use of FM I78/DlG. 3, 6.6 DD; 179/1555 T, 100,2 5 modulation and demodulation of a type similar to that used with video information for recording and trans- [56] References Ci d mitting time-compressed audio information permits UNITED STATES PATENTS common processing of audio and video information 3 104 284 9/1963 Fm h et 1 179/15 55 R and the utilization of standard video transmission and DC a 3,277,246 10/1966 Altonji 179/1002 8 1 9 tape "if" I? T to accom'mdate 3,491,199 1/1970 Weinstein etal. l78/5.6 as we as r 14 Claims, 14 Drawing Figures l2 ,I4 AUDIO IN BUFFER STORE DISC I g RECORDER TIMING LOGIC 15 PHASE COMPARATOR I6 1 TV WAVEFORM GENERATOR -I8 PAIENIE0 3.789.137

SHEEI 1 0F 7 AuOIO IN BUFFER STORE DISC RECORDER TIMING LOGIC I5 PHASE COMPARATOR 5 I6 I FIGI Tv WAVEFORM GENERATOR I8 DISC PROCESSING 22E? RECORDER AMPLIFIER RECORDER I PHASE 'SYNCS COMARATOR l6 BLANKING I wAvIzI oRM FIG-3 GENERATOR 5Q 38 32 34 I f AUDIO BUFFER STORE OUTPUT CIRCUIT DISC RECORDER I TIMING LOGIC FIG.4

qsr-r l PAIENTEU 3.789.137

SHEEI 2 BF 7 AUDIO SOURCE I FIGZ Low PAss FILTER ,IO3 A/D I I04 HIHIII I2 gag ADDER OIvIOER I I -:-526 I l l H J05 I D/A GATE IO MHz 4 OSCILLATOR LOWPASS I06 FILTER DELAY i 7 UNIT FM I07 OSCILLATOR I (H6 us I |O8\ GATE PULSE OIvIOER OIvIOER GENERATOR +526 +252 4 l23 RECORDER II4 GATE PULSE DIVIDER GENERATOR +2 I I24 H3 l GATE 'g g I25 III 2 7 PULSE r PHASE WAVTEXORM DISCRIMINATOR COMPARATOR GENERATOR 0 F H6 |8J START AND PULSE I27) TRACK SWITCH CONTROL CIRCUIT PAIENIEBJANZS m4 3,789,137

SHtU 3 [IF 7 AUDIO OUTPUT 1 F|G.5 LOWPASS FILTER ,los D/A 4 I l lllllll l2l SHIFT ADD REGISTER ER 'Y ZE HHI y IO MH VH9 A/D GATE Z I 8/ OSCILLATOR -|0e LOWPASS FILTER I Q l A I IlT- -|07 DEMODULATOR 5 l I 1* 7 T I GATE PULSE DIVIDER DIVIDER 422 GENERATOR 526 252 T I 4 I23 I/ RECORDER I 1 114G GATE PULSE DIVIDER GENERATOR +2 I24) 1 "i: GATE DIVIDER PULSE PHASE REFERENCE DISCRIMINATOR COMPARATOR SIGNAL IG us HOT sTART PULSE AND TRACK s SWITCH coNTRoL T CIRCUIT PAIENTEBJANZSIEIH SHEET M 0F 7 INPUT AUDIO I 33.3 x16 SEC.

I I w sEO.

COMPRESSED AUDIO FROM D/A CONVERTER I05 I-+4XIO FIG.6

64x16 sEc.

IN FM SIGNAL REPLAYED FM INFORMATION A IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII IIII DEMODULATED SIGNAL BLANKING PULSES SYNCS AND PEDESTAL SIGNAL COMPOSITE WAVEFORM FIG? PAIENIED JANZ 9 I974 AUDIO SHEET 6 BF 7 BUFFER STORE NO.I

INPUT ii/1r TO DISK RECORDER BUFFER STORE NO.2

HIGH SPEED CLOCK PULSES BUFFER STORE NO.I

FROM DISC RECORDER LOW SPE E D FIGI I AUDIO OUTPUT BUFFER STORE LOW SPEED T CLOCK 'PULSES VIDEO STORE MODULATOR DISC RECORDER CONTROL LOGIC SLIDE CHANGE SIGNAL AUDIO COMPRESS CIRCUIT AUDIO INPUT HIGH SPEED FIG-I2 PAIENTEQJANZSIBH SHEU 7 {1F 7 VIDEO DISC RECORDER SWITCH A E M 0 l$ i CODE 1 AUDIO RECOGNITION R EXPANSION 355%? 210 CIRCUIT CIRCUIT E HEADSET THRESHOLD f I INTEGRATOR DETECTOR l RECORDER 3|2 alo 314 1 THRESHOLD f M DIFFERENTIATOR 7- DETECTOR 2 A I\ I PHASE DISCRIMINATOR Ill TIME COMPRESSION OF AUDIO SIGNALS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The time compression of. audio waveforms permits the transmission of audio information via a transmission channel exhibiting an appropriately wide bandwidth in a period of time significantly short in comparison to the duration of the original audio signal. The most desirable format for time-compressed audio information is that corresponding to standard video format which would permit the transmission of audio and video signals in a time multiplex mode and permit the use of conventional TV channels and equipment for processing the time-compressed audio signals. The capability of time multiplexing audio and video signals facilitates the transmission of audio accompanied by color video stills in a time significantly shorter than the time required for presentation of the original audio information.

A previous invention disclosed in U. S. Pat. application Ser. No. 76,572 by W. W. Ramage, now abandoned, entitled Signal Processing and Reproducing Method And Apparatus filed Sept. '29, 1970 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention described apparatus for time compression of an audio waveform in order for record and replay by modified video apparatus. The Ramage disclosure sacrifices recording density of time-compressed audio information in that disclosure describes a technique for recording discrete samples on an individual basis. According to the Ramage technique the samples which are adjacent I in the original audio signals are no longer adjacent in the time-compressed waveform and the packing density must be sufficiently low such that the intersample interference produced by the dispersion inherent in practical circuits and networks does not cause unacceptable distortion when the samples are finally rearranged in their correct relative positions. Reference is made also to US. Pat. No. 3,564,127 entitled System of Band Compression for Video Signals issued Feb. 16, l97l to G. F. Newell and G. C. Sziklai and assigned to the assignee of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention described herein permits timecompressed audio and video waveforms to be combined in time-multiplex form, recorded, replayed and transmitted over a conventional television network without modification to the network equipment. The transmitted waveforms are received and reconverted to the original audio in conjunction with the video waveforms. The disclosed invention is based on the time compression of the audio signal without disturbing the relative position of the audio samples comprising the signal. This produces a time-compressed waveform which is an accelerated replica of the original waveform except for predetermined spaces occurring at regular intervals to provide a format'similar to that of video signals. The time-compressed audio thus produced is capable of being recorded by the same FM method used for conventional video and thus permits maximum recording density and therefore maximum compression ratio. Furthermore, since adjacent samples of the original audio are adjacent in the timecompressed waveform, the effects of dispersion and bandwidth limitations are no more serious than if the audio waveform were not compressed and the bandwidth and frequency limitation were scaled in proportion to the bandwidths of the time-compressed and the original signal bandwidths.

While this disclosure relates to advantages and techniques for time compression of audio, it is apparent that desirable advantages can be achieved in the combination of the time-compressed audio signals with conventional video signals. The reason for implementing the time compression of audio in a manner to convert the audio waveform into a videolike waveform with synchronizing signals added at conventional TV sweep intervals is the fact that conventional TV apparatus generally requires such synchronizing waveforms for correct operation. As an example, a video tape recorder of the type used in TV broadcasting search out the horizontal sweep synchronizing pulses and vertical sweep synchronizing pulses and uses them for the servo-control of the head-to-tape velocities and for the control of voltage-controlled delay circuits that correct for variations in the tape-to-head velocity. Conventional video control circuits and transmitter circuits include stabilizing amplifiers which use the synchronizing pulses for such purposes as clamping the voltage excursions of video waveforms. In order for an audio waveform to pass through such apparatus, the synchronizing pulses must be added and the audio information confined to those periods of the composite waveform that are conventionally occupied by the active picture information in a video waveform.

The compression of the audio waveform and the modification necessary to effect a video-like format is disclosed in the following exemplary description in connection with the accompanying drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematic illustrating a technique for time-compressing audio signals;

FIG. 2 is a detail block diagram schematic of the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a basic block diagram schematic of scheme for replaying in compressed form the information produced by the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a basic block diagram schematic illustrating a scheme for replaying in the original form the time compressed information produced by the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a detailed schematic of the embodiment of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a waveform illustration comprised of waveforms A, B and C illustrating the conversion of the normal audio input signal into a frequency modulated time-compressed audio signal;

FIG. 7 is a waveform illustration consisting of waveforms A, B, C, D and E illustrating the step-by-step technique for converting the time-compressed audio waveform into a composite waveform suitable for transmission and recording on conventional video equipment;

FIGS. 8 and 9 in their respective waveforms, A and B, illustrate the vertical blanking waveforms produced by the embodiment of FIG. 1, including the addition of identification codes;

FIG. 10 is a basic block diagram schematic of the technique for removing gaps in the time-compressed signal during the recording of said signal;

FIG. 11 is a basic block diagram schematic of the technique for removing gaps present in the timecompressed signals during reproduction of the timecompressed signals from the recording media;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram schematic of a system for recording time-compressed audio and video informa tion;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram schematic of a system for replay of the information recorded in the system of FIG. 12; and

FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a typical implementation of the pulse discrimination of FIG. 2.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In order to use the FM recording process conventionally used for video signals, it is necessary for the audio signal to be time-compressed before application to the recording head. In order to convert the audio signal from the time-compressed space to that of a normal audio signal, it is necessary to time expand the time compressed. A typical manner for achieving these objectives is described herein through the use of a time buffer store and a magnetic disc recorder.

Referring to FIG. 1 it is illustrated in block diagram form an audio record system comprising a buffer store 12, a magnetic disc recorder 14, timing logic 15, phase comparator 16 and a TV waveform generator 18. The timing logic 15 responds to clock pulses prerecorded on a track of the magnetic disc'recorder 14 by controlling the audio sampling and buffer such that input audio is supplied to the buffer store 12 for ap-' proximately 1 rotation of the magnetic disc, i.e., 33 milliseconds, and then the timing logic causes the informa tion in the buffer store 12 to be transmitted in a period equivalent to 1 active TV line, i.e., 53 micro seconds, for recording on the magnetic disc 14. The cycle is repeated and the second burst of compressed audio input is recorded on the same track in a position immediately adjacent to the first burst of compressed audio input. As shown in waveform A of FIG. 6 the audio input is separated into bursts of approximately 33 milliseconds and compressed as shown in waveform B through the operation of buffer store 12 before being used to modulate the short burst of FM signal as shown in waveform C. The buffer store 12 can be implemented in numerous ways including the use of a parallel-bit digital buffer store and the sampled analog type described in BBC Engineering Monograph No. 63, August, 1966.

Since conventional US. TV waveforms-for synchronizing purposes are harmonically related to a 525 line rate the clock pulses recorded on the magnetic disc recorder 12 can be any multiple of 525 pulses for synchronizing with the output of the TV waveform generator 18. The phase comparator 16 serves as a servo control for maintaining the magnetic disc rotation speed at one revolution per TV frame period as determined by the output from the TV waveform generator 18. The phase comparator circuit 16' can be implemented through numerous techniques well known in the television art and elsewhere.

The audio recording system illustrated in basic block diagram form in FIG. 1 is illustrated in detail block diagram form in FIG. 2. An audio source 101 such as a microphone-amplifier or an audio recorder, supplies audio signals to a low-pass filter 102 having a cut-off frequency typically less than 6 kilohertz. The bandwidth must be less than half the sampling rate and 5 KHz is a commonly used audio bandwidth for AM broadcast reception. The filtered analog signal is then applied to analog-to-digital converter 103 which in turn converts the signal to a multiple-bit digital signal, i.e., a 7 bit digital signal, which is supplied in parallel to a shift register 104. The analog-to-digital converter 103 and the shift register 104 are driven by clock pulses at a rate which is the multiple of 525, i.e., 14,750 hertz. The digital representation of the audio signals produced by the analog-to-digital converter 103 fills the shift register 104 to its capacity, which for this discussion, corresponds to 526 samples each of the 7 bits. When all the positions in the shift register 104 are filled, the clock rate for the shift register and the digitaI-to-analog converter 105 is established at approximately 10 megahertz by the output of crystal oscillator 119 for a period of time corresponding to 526 pulses. The clocking of the shift register at 10 megahertz for 526 pulses causes the information to be transmitted to the digital-to-analog converter 105 which in turn reconverts the digital signal to an analog signal which is time-compressed into a time period of approximately 53 microseconds. The time-compressed analog audio signal is then applied to a low-pass filter 106 having a bandwidth suitable for the removal of sampling structure while retaining audio information in time compressed form. The bandwidth should be less than 4 MH which corresponds to the video baseband frequency limit. The time-compressed analog audio output signal from the filter 106 is applied to frequency modulate the output offm oscillator circuit 107. The output of fm oscillator 107 is subsequently applied through gate circuit 108 to the magnetic disc recorder 14. The fm oscillator 107 generates a waveform whose frequency is modulated in response to the amplitude of the signals provided by the low-pass filter 106. Gate circuit 108 functions to gate output signals from the fm oscillator circuit 107 to the recorder 14 when enabled by a 64 microseconds pulse, which corresponds in duration to a television line, from the pulse generator 116. Thus, in the time interval between two audio signal samples from the analog-to-digital converter 103, as determined by the respective clock rates, the shift register 104 is cleared through the digital-to-analog converter 105 and is in conditionto accept another 526 samples before being cleared again.

The timing reference for the recoridng process may typically be in the form of a predetermined pulse train on one track of the magnetic disc recorder 14. The prerecorded clock pulse train may typically contain 525 pulses of which one pulse is identifiable by virtue of amplitude or width. The clock pulse train could, of course, be any multiple of 525 pulses and dividers used to obtain either 31,500 hertz or 15,750 hertz for synchronizing with the output of the TV waveform generator 18. The clock pulse train as derived from the magnetic disc recorder is applied to pulse discrimination circuit 111 which divides the clock pulse train into two waveforms, the first being f consisting of one pulse per rotation and the other beingf consisting of 525 pulses per disc rotation. The pulse discrimination circuit 111 can be implemented through the use of a circuit which is responsive to the width or amplitude'of the singularly identifiable pulse. The function of circuit 111 is to identify the unique pulse and provide two outputs, an f output which corresponds to one pulse each disc rotation, and an f output which corresponds to a train of 525 pulses per disc rotation.

A typical implementation of a pulse discriminator circuit is illustrated in FIG. 14. Assume a pulse train from the disc recorder of the type A wherein the single pulse P is distinguished from the remaining pulses as being of twice the duration. The pulse train is applied to a differentiator circuit 310 and an integrator circuit 312. The differentiator circuit 310 responds to the leading edge of each pulse and develops an output pulse train PI of positive pulses which is subsequently clipped by threshold detector 314 to produce the f pulse train. The integrator circuit 312 responds to the pulse train from the disc recorder, 14 by producing an output pulse train P2. The integration of the long duration pulse P results in a pulse P2 exhibiting a greater amplitude than the remaining pulses P2. Threshold detector 316 is set to respond to pulse amplitudes greater than that of the P2" pulses thus functioning to generate an f pulse in response to the P2 pulse.

The phase comparator circuit 16 functions as a servo control for maintaining the disc rotation speed at one revolution per TV frame period as determined by the output from the TV waveform generator 18. The single pulse f is used in conjunction with a start pulse from start pulse circuit 110 which is applied to AND gate 127. The simultaneous presence of a start pulse and an f pulse at AND gate 127"results in the gating of signal S which serves to reset all the counters in the recording system to establish a reference time for commencement of the recording operation. The f pulses which occur at television horizontal sweep rates are supplied via gate circuit 113 and a gate circuit 114, the latter of which is normally open, to provide clock pulses to the analog-to-digital converter 103, and via adder circuit 120 to shift register 104. Gate circuit 113 transmits the f train of pulses to gate circuit 114 except when an inhibit pulse is supplied to it from divider circuit 124 to which it responds by deleting one pulse from the train. Gate circuit 113 can be implemented through the use of an exclusive OR circuit or through the use of an AND gate which has as one input the f pulse train from circuit 111 and as a second input a waveform of, say unity amplitude from divider circuit 124 under all conditions except during the presence of an output pulse from divider circuit 124 at which time the amplitude to zero resulting in deletion of one pulse from the f train transmitted to gate circuit 114. This inhibit pulse from divider circuit 124 must coincide with one of the pulses from separator circuit 1 11. Many other circuits can perform this function, even a simple transistor or tube that is caused to be biased below operation level when an inhibit output pulse is transmitted by divider circuit 124. The divider circuits may typically consist of counters. The use of divider circuits is illustrated in reference US. Pat. No. 3,564,127.

Gate circuit 114 transmits the pulse train from gate circuit 113 which consists of 525 pulses per disc rota tion and feeds them to divider circuit 115, which in turn functions to divide by 526 and provide an output once every 526 pulses of f The output of divider circuit 115 is divided by 252 in divider circuit 122 and 7 causes a pulse waveform generated by pulse generator 123 to inhibit ten pulses of f from passing through gate circuit 114. The output of divider circuit 122 is also divided by 2 in divider circuit 124, and the output of divider circuit 124 as described above is used to inhibit one pulse of f from passing through gate circuit 113 once every disc rotation. Divider 115 generates an out-.

put pulse whenever 526 of the pulses have been supplied to the shift register 104 and opens gate circuit 118 via time delay circuit 117 to permit f pulses at a 10 megahertz rate from oscillator 119 to be supplied to the digital-analog converter 105 and the shift register 104.

Gate circuit 118 functions as a buffer amplifier that is normally switched off except when a pulse from the delay circuit 117 cnables it to transmit the l() MHz wave-form f from oscillator circuit 119 to digital-toanalog converter 105 and adder circuit 120. Having been enabled, the gate circuit7118 remains open until it has transmitted 526 pulses off at which time the divider circuit 121 divides by 526 and delivers a disenable pulse and closes gate circuit 118. There are many ways such a circuit can be implemented. As one example, a bistable circuit can produce and enable voltage when set by the pulse from delay circuit 117 and then reset by the pulse from divider circuit 121. The enable waveform and the pulses from oscillator circuit 119 can then be AND gated to produce the output for digitalto-analog converter 105 and adder circuit 120.

Divider circuit 121 responds to the 526th pulse from the output of gate circuit 118 by closing gate 118. The termination of f pulses from the output of gate 118 completes one cycle of the operation of shift register 104. This cycle of operation of shift register 104 is repeated for 252 cycles. in each cycle, the magnetic disc of recorder 14 rotates precisely one rotation plus a period of time corresponding to one TV line period of 64 microseconds. Each cycle ends with a compressed audio burst being recorded on the magnetic disc in positions equivalent to the active portion of the conventional TV lines of recording or that used for visual information. The conventional televison wave-form comprises a time-multiplexed and amplitude-multiplexed combination of visual information and synchronizing information. The line periods contain a portion of visual information that is often referred to as the active portion (53 microseconds). The remainder of the line period has the visual signal blanked out and replaced by synchronizing information.

At the conclusion of 252 cycles, the divider 122 generates an output which is applied to pulse generator 123, the latter of which responds by closing the gate circuit 114 for a duration corresponding to 10 f pulses. The closing of gate 114 causes the analog-tmdigital converter 103 to ignore 10 samples of the audio input and causes the magnetic disc to rotate an additional 10 line period before the next audio burst is recorded. This unrecorded 10 line period'is provided for the insertion of vertical blanking and synchronizing signals as required for processing on conventional TV apparatus. Following the recording of a second set of 252 lines on the first track of the magnetic disc, the divider 124 responds to the output of divider 122 by generating a track switch signal which is applied to the magnetic disc recorder 14 to transfer the recording process to asecond track on the magnetic disc. The transfer of the recording process can be achieved by supplying a pulse to a stepping motor to move the recording head to another track or, if 'multiple fixed heads are used, to switch the recording signal from the output of gate circuit 108 to a second head on a second track. Simultaneous with the generation of a track switch signal, divider 124 causes one pulse from the pulse train f to be inhibited by providing a pulse in coincidence at the input to the gate 113. The initiation of this inhibit signal by divider 124 following the completion of recording on one track will cause the gate 114 to remain closed for a duration corresponding to eleven f pulses.

This recording process will result in the recording of 504 lines on each track of the magnetic disc with two gaps, one of a 10 line period and one of an I 1 line period. The 505th line of audio will be recorded on the first line position of the second track.

In the operation just described, the pulse generator 116 generates the 64 microsecond pulse to open the gate circuit 108 and permit the frequency modulated carrier resulting from the operation of fm oscillator 107 to pass to the magnetic disc recorder 14 each time the shift register 104 transfers its stored information to the digital-to-analog converter 105. The time delay circuit 117 functions to establish an appropriate time delay such that the signal fromv the digital-to-analog converter 105 and the filter circuit 106 initiates frequency modulation of the carrier in the fm oscillator circuit 107 approximately 7 microseconds after the gate circuit 108 is opened by the output from pulse generator 116. The operation of the pulse generator 116 and the delay circuit 1 17 results in the recording of a signal format on the magnetic disc which consists of adjacent carrier bursts of 64 microseconds duration, each burst frequency-modulated for approximately 53 microseconds with a 7 microsecond unmodulated carrier preceding each burst and a 4 microsecond duration of unmodulated carrier at the conclusion of each burst. This format of each burst, i.e., unmodulated-modulatedunmodulated, permits the phase discontinuity occurring at the junction of the adjacent carrier bursts to be positioned in the blanked portion on the track of the magnetic disc which is to be occupied by horizontal syncs, thus providing adequate time for any transients caused by the discontinuity todecay before the modulation commences.

It is apparent that many other circuit arrangements can be devised to perform the logic functions described in reference to the functional operation of the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 2. One variation would involve the changing of the rate of magnetic disc rotation from that corresponding to a TV frame rate and establishing it as a TV field rate and utilizing two tracks for accomplishing the recording process described above. Furthermore, the rate of sampling the audio input signal can be changed to provide greater compression of audio signals having a narrower bandwidth and less compression for a audio signals of a wider bandwidth. A wider band audio signal can be recorded by sampling more frequently, and the track will be filled in a shorter time. Conversely, the track can record a narrower band audio signal by reducing the sampling rate and the bandwidth of the audio low-pass filter. The frequency expansion achieved with'the'arrangement described above is given by the ratio of the input supply time and the output transmission time of the shift register I04 and can be represented as:

The time compression achieved is equal to the number of rotations of the magnetic disc for one complete track recording. In the example described above, this corresponds to 504/1.

The information thus recorded in compressed form on the magnetic disc recorder ,14 can be replayed in compressed form for re-recording on a broadcast tape recorder by means of the arrangement typically illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 3. The recorded tracks are replayed in sequence as a continuous signal with each track requiring one thirtieth of a second for playback. The output from the magnetic disc recorder 14 on the arrange-ment 20 of FIG. 3 is supplied to a processing amplifier 22 which inserts blanking and synchronizing signals supplied from the TV waveform generator 18 to which the magnetic disc recorder 14 is phase-locked through the phase control 16. The processing amplifier is a circuit used in many TV applications as, for example, camera control units where the camera output waveform is accepted as a time sequence of active line periods containing video information with random noise, spikes, etc., between these periods. The processing amplifier removes all content between the active line periods and adds composite synchronizing and blanking waveforms to the video information from the camera. The output is a conventional video composite waveform. A typical processing amplifier is the Model 1085 of the Ampex Corp.

The waveforms illustrating the input audio signals leading up to the recording on a magnetic disc are illustrated in waveforms A, B and C of FIG. 6. The waveforms A, B, C, D and E of FIG. 7 illustrate the processing of the signal replayed from the magnetic disc recorder and processed through the processing amplifier 22 of FIG. 3 resulting in the composite waveform as illustrated in waveform E of FIG. 7. The demodulation of the fm carrier is provided by the disc recorder A which supplies an output waveform illustrated in waveform B of FIG. 7 as an input to'the processing amplifier 22. In the waveforms A and B of FIGS. 8 and 9 there is illustrated vertical blanking waveforms resulting from the replay process described with reference to FIG. 3. It will be noted that an identification code can be added at a prescribed location such as line 525. The waveform shown in FIG. 8 represents the output from the processing amplifier 22. FIG. 9 represents the same waveform at the adjacent vertical synchronizing period. The complete waveform for one TV frame includes 525 lines and two vertical intervals.

The material recorded on the video tape recorder 24 of FIG. 3 can consist of a large number of programs that have been individually assembled on the magnetic disc recorder 14 and transferred at different times. Each program can consist entirely of compressed audio or can be comprised of interspersed frames of video and audio to form the content of an audio-visual presentation. These programs can be replayed from the tape for distribution over closed circuit cable or transmitted by conventional transmitters. Individual programs can be re-recorded onseparate remote disc recorders by arranging that each program be preceded by an identification code which enables each program to be recognized by conventional logic circuits.

Once the required program has been recorded on a disc recorder, or for that matter any appropriate recording device such as magnetic disc recorder 14, video tape recorder 24 or the remote recording devices referred to above, the program can be replayed in its original time duration through the use of circuit implementation which functions in a manner essentially opposite to that illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 2. A simple block diagram schematic of a typical embodiment for providing the reconstruction of the original information is illustrated as the apparatus 30 of FIG. 4 wherein the information present on the record ing device 32 is played back through a buffer store arrangement 34 in response to signals from timing logic 36 producing an output signal from the buffer store 34 which is supplied to the audiooutput circuit 38 which presents the audio information in an uncompressed form corresponding to the audio information provided by the audio source 101 of FIG. 2. The buffer store 34 can be of the sampled-analog form or can be implemented in a manner illustrated in FIG. as comprising circuits 103, 104, and 105'. The circuits 102 and 106 can be considered part of the buffer store or as necessary filters to be coupled to the input and output of the buffer store 34.

A detailed implementation of the arrangement 30 of FIG. 4 is illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 5. It is noted that the units identified in FIG. 5 correspond essentially to the units illustrated and described in reference to FIG. 2 with the difference being that instead of having audio information flowing from an audio source to the magnetic disc 'recorder the flow is reversed and information recorded on the magnetic disc recorder in time-compressed form is returned through gate 108, the fm oscillator 107', filter circuit 106', analog-to-digital converter 103, shift register 104', digital-to-analog converter 105', filter circuit 102', and audio output circuit 38. The fm oscillator circuit 107 of FIG. 2 is replaced with demodulator circuit 107' in FIG. 5 and the positions of the digital-to-analog converter 103 and analog-to-digital converter 105 of FIG. 2 have been switched in the playback schematic of FIG. 5. The low-pass filter circuit 106 is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 2 apart from the reversal of connections. The analog-to-digital converter 103 is the same as the analog-to-digital converter 1.03 of FIG. 2 except for the change of position and the sampling frequency is now increased to megahertz. The shift register 104' is identical to that of FIG. 2, but now the register is filled by 526 samples at a IO-megahertz rate and discharged through the digital-to-analog converter 105' at the lower rate of I5,750 hertz. The low-pass filter circuit 102' is the same as the low-pass filter 102 of FIG. 2, but instead of accepting signals from an audio input source it supplies audio output signals to the audio output circuit 38 which may be comprised of an audio amplifier and a loudspeaker, a headset, etc. One significant difference between the embodiment of FIG. 5 and that of FIG. 2 is that the TV waveform generator 18 of FIG. 2 can now be replaced by a simple reference signal source to provide synchronization of the magnetic disc recorder 14 at a stable frequency. In fact, a 60 hertz power line supply may be utilized to synchronize the rotation speed of the magnetic disc recorder.

The control logic utilized to provide this reverse flow of information from the recorder to the audio output circuit 38 is the same as that illustrated in FIG. 2 to control the flow of information from the audio source 101 to the recorder 14.

Assume that the magnetic disc recorder 14 has a set of tracks each filled with compressed audio information. The operation of the start switch circuit 110' initiates the playback process when such signal coincides with a frame frequency signal f at the AND circuit 127'. The AND circuit 127 responds to coincidence of these input signals by generating an S signal to reset all the counters. The magnetic disc rotates one revolution plus the duration of one TV line period, and the gate circuit 108' opens to transmit the first compressed audio burst, which is frequency modulated on the carrier from the magnetic disc 14,10 the demodulator circuit 107 which in turn transmits the demodulated output, which presents the compressed audio waveform to the analog-to-digital converter 103' via the low-pass filter circuit 106'. The shift register 104' is filled with 526 samples at a It) megahertz f rate before the readout commences at the l5,75() hertz rate which corresponds to the fsignal. From this point in time the shift register 104' will be continuously read out at a rate of 15,750 hertz and subsequently refilled by a short audio burst at a 10 megahertz rate between readout pulses 526 n and 527 n, where n is the number of disc rotations since the playback process was initiated. When 2S2 audio bursts have been fed into the shift register 104, the magnetic disc will rotate an additional ten TV line period before the 253rd burst is supplied to the shift register 104'. This lapse of time without without transmission of audio information will produce a gap in the audio output of approximately 640 microseconds in duration. This brief discontinuity in the audio output produced by this gap, which gap oc curs approximately every 8.4 seconds, is of such a short duration as not to be discernible. Following 504 rotations of the magnetic disc, the head of the magnetic disc will commence reading out from a second track. This process will continue until the entire recorded program is completely reproduced. The completion of the recorded program can be recognized by establishing a predetermined number of tracks per program, thus requiring means for counting the tracks, or if more flexibility is required, a coded signal can be added at the end of each program to identify the conclusion of the program at which time the apparatus 40 of FIG. 5 is returned to a quiescent state. The gap in recording and reproduction that occurs every 8.4 seconds can be eliminated if desired by various techniques which are obvious to those skilled in the art. The use of a small shift register to handle the overflow, the use of a change of sampling rate during the 253rd rotation, or the use of twin buffer stores as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 are but a few techniques available. If the system were used for high fidelity musical appreciation programs, it is possible that the higher sampling rate neces sary would cause the gaps to occur at closer intervals of time. In that case, the gaps would become more noticable and it may be desirable to take steps to remove them. The use of two buffer stores, or, more economically, the use of two shift registers between the A/D and D/A converters provides one method of achieving this. In FIGS. 10 and 11 the buffer stores refer to the shift registers only. By providing two stores in FIG. 10, No. 1 and No. 2, the need for the high frequency unloading to occur between two low frequency samples is removed. When one store is filled. the input can be switched to the second store and the first store emptied at any time during the filling of the second store. Similarly in FIG. 11, by alternate use of the two stores No. l and No. 2, when the 252nd burst has been fed into one shift register, it can commence discharging to provide the output audio. The 253rd can be fed into second shift register 10 lines later and before the first rezister has discharged. By this means. continuous audio output can be achieved in spite of the timing discrepans cies that occur in reading the bursts from the magnetic disc.

If the embodiment described above is to be utilized for color visuals, it is necessary to use a color TV waveform generator in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2. Furthermore, the frequencies referred to for f and f will be slightly changed to those conventionally used for the NTSC waveforms. It is possible to use a frequency for the high rate sampling signal f which is harmonically related to the low rate f and to derive the color subcarrier frequency of 3.579,545 megahertz from the signal f As an example, signal f;, can be 9.9,l24,938 megahertz which is 630 times NTSC line frequency of 15,734.26 hertz.

The addition of the time-compressed audio and video signals in time-multiplex can be achieved in various ways. In simplest form, the process could consist of first determining the appropriate places in the audio presentation at which visuals should be displayed. If the visuals are arranged to change at intervals that are integrals of the time period to replay one track of compressed audio (i.e., 16 seconds), the first track of the multiple track disc recorder 14 in FIG. 2, can be recorded with the first visual frame. The audio recording sequence can then commence from track 2 onwards until the next visual is required. At thispoint the next unoccupied track can be recorded with the next visual frame and so on to the end of the presentation. FIG. 12 shows a schematic arrangement for recording video information from video store 200 and time-compressed audio information from source 201. The video store 200 comprises a source of visual frame waveforms. It can consist of a separate set of tracks on the same disc as is used for recording the complete program, or it could consist of a television slide scanner. When the slide change signal is generated by means of an actuator 202, the control logic 204 connects the input from the video store 200 to the disc recorder 206 through a modulator 208 which is enabled by a pulse lasting for one rotation of the disc. Each visual waveform must contain an identification code in the waveform.

To display the visuals at the same time as the audio is reproduced in the terminal processor, an arrangement such as FIG. 13 can be utilized. A code recognition unit 210 will recognize when the output frame from the disc recorder 200 represents a visual. A switch circuit 210 connects the output for the duration of one rotation to a refresh memory 212 that can be one track on the same disc having its own record/replay head. The output from this track is displayed on the monitor 214 continuously until another visual replaces it. Once the visual has been transferred to the refresh memory 212, the audio expansion and reproduction continues in circuit 216 for presentation on headset 218. Each slide change will cause a break of 33 milliseconds in the reproduced audio, but this will not be noticeable.

I claim:

1. Apparatus for achieving time/bandwidth exchange to convert audio signals of audio bandwidth into timecompressed audio signals of video bandwidth for recording and transmission on video apparatus comprising, first means for time compressing audio input signals of an audio bandwidth into time-compressed audio signals of video bandwidth without significant loss of information content, second means operatively connected to said first means and adapted to respond to said time-compressed audio signals by dividing said time-compressed audio signals into spaced apart segments wherein each segment is a duration substantially equivalent to the active portion of a television line, and third means operatively connected to said second means for inserting television synchronization information into the spaces between said segments to produce audio information in a waveform substantially identical to a video composite waveform.

2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including pedestal voltage means for superimposing said segments of timecompressed audio signals on a pedestal voltage and amplitude control means for adjusting the amplitude of said time-compressed audio signals within limits compatible with video recording and transmission appara tus.

3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further including video recording means operatively connected to said third means for recording said audio information and fourth means operatively connected to said video recording means for time expanding said timecompressed audio signals into audio signals of audio bandwidth for reproduction on audio apparatus.

4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further including video recording means adapted to respond to video information in a video composite waveform and to said audio information to record said audio information and said video information on said video recording means.

5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 further including time multiplexing means operatively connected to said video recording means to time multiplex record said audio information and said video information.

6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 further including means operatively connected to said video recording means for separating said audio information and said video information during playback, further including means for displaying said video information on video apparatus and means for time expanding said timecompressed audio signals to produce audio signals of audio bandwidth for reproduction on audio apparatus.

7. A method for achieving time/bandwidth exchange to convert audio signals of audio bandwidth into timecompressed audio signals of video bandwidth for recording and transmission on video apparatus including the steps of, time-compressing audio input signals of audio bandwidth into time-compressed audio signals of video bandwidth, dividing said time-compressed audio signals into spaced apart segments wherein each segment is of a duration substantially equivalent to the active portion of a television line, and inserting television synchronization information into spaces between said segments to produce audio information in a waveform substantially identical to the video composite waveform.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 including the step of transmitting the audio information on video transmission apparatus.

9. A method as claimed in claim 7 further including the step of recording said audio information on video recording means.

10. A method as claimed in claim 9 further including the step of recording video information in combination with said audio information on a video recording means.

11. A method as claimed in claim 10 further including the step of transmitting said audio information and video information on video transmitting apparatus.

12. A method as claimed in claim 11 further including a step following the transmission of said audio and video information consisting of recording said audio and video information on a video recording means.

13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein said audio information and video information comprise a plurality of separate programs, and further including the step of identifying the audio information and video 

1. Apparatus for achieving time/bandwidth exchange to convert audio signals of audio bandwidth into time-compressed audio signals of video bandwidth for recording and transmission on video apparatus comprising, first means for time compressing audio input signals of an audio bandwidth into time-compressed audio signals of video bandwidth without significant loss of information content, second means operatively connected to said first means and adapted to respond to said time-compressed audio signals by dividing said time-compressed audio signals into spaced apart segments wherein each segment is a duration substantially equivalent to the active portion of a television line, and third means operatively connected to said second means for inserting television synchronization information into the spaces between said segments to produce audio information in a waveform substantially identical to a video composite waveform.
 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 including pedestal voltage means for superimposing said segments of time-compressed audio signals on a pedestal voltage and amplitude control means for adjusting the amplitude of said time-compressed audio signals within limits compatible with video recording and transmission apparatus.
 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further including video recording means operatively connected to said third means for recording said audio information and fourth means operatively connected to said video recording means for time expanding said time-compressed audio signals into audio signals of audio bandwidth for reproduction on audio apparatus.
 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further including video recording means adapted to respond to video information in a video composite waveform and to said audio information to record said audio information and said video information on said video recording means.
 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 further including time multiplexing means operatively connected to said video recording means to time multiplex record said audio information and said video information.
 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4 further including means operatively connected to said video recording means for separating said audio information and said video information during playback, further including means for displaying said video information on video apparatus and means for time expanding said time-compressed audio signals to produce audio signals of audio bandwidth for reproduction on audio apparatus.
 7. A method for achieving time/bandwidth exchange to convert audio signals of audio bandwidth into time-compressed audio signals of video bandwidth for recording and transmission on video apparatus including the steps of, time-compressing audio input signals of audio bandwidth into time-compressed audio signals of video bandwidth, dividing said time-compressed audio signals into spaced apart segments wherein each segment is of a duration substantially equivalent to the active portion of a television line, and inserting television synchronization information into spaces between said segments to produce audio information in a waveform substantially identical to the video composite waveform.
 8. A method as claimed in claim 7 including the step of transmitting the audio information on video transmission apparatus.
 9. A method as claimed in claim 7 further including the step of recording said audio information on video recording means.
 10. A method as claimed in claim 9 further including the step of recording video information in combination with said audio information on a video recording means.
 11. A method as claimed in claim 10 further including the step of transmitting said audio information and video information on video transmitting apparatus.
 12. A method as claimed in claim 11 further including a step following the transmission of said audio and video information Consisting of recording said audio and video information on a video recording means.
 13. A method as claimed in claim 11 wherein said audio information and video information comprise a plurality of separate programs, and further including the step of identifying the audio information and video information comprising a program.
 14. A method as claimed in claim 12 further including the steps of displaying the video information of video apparatus, time expanding said audio information into audio signals of an audio bandwidth and reproducing said audio signals of an audio bandwidth on an audio apparatus. 